The Kolar Gold Fields (commonly abbreviated as KGF) occupy a singular place in the history of mining in India. Located in the eastern plains of the state of Karnataka, the Kolar belt has been a source of gold for centuries and later became the focus of intense industrial activity under British and Indian administration. This […]
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The spiraled, chambered shell of the ammonite has fascinated generations of collectors, scientists and artists alike. These extinct marine cephalopod mollusks once carpeted the world’s oceans and left behind a rich fossil record that continues to inform our understanding of evolution, paleoenvironments and geologic time. This article explores where ammonites occur in the rock record,
The Fushun mine complex in northeastern China represents one of the most historically significant and technically distinctive coal-producing regions in the world. Located in Liaoning province, the site has yielded vast quantities of both conventional coal and oil-bearing shale, shaping regional industry, energy policy, and urban development for more than a century. This article explores
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The Zijinshan Gold & Copper Mine in southeastern China is a prominent example of how a single mineral deposit can shape local economies, industrial trajectories and environmental debates. Operated by one of China’s leading mining companies, the site combines substantial reserves of both precious and base metals with a complex geological history and a long
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Ammonites are among the most iconic and visually arresting fossils in the world, instantly recognizable by their coiled, chambered shell that echoes the spiral forms found across nature. Once living marine cephalopods, they thrived for hundreds of millions of years, left a rich fossil record, and continue to shape fields from paleontology to jewelry-making. This
The Kolar Gold Fields occupy a remarkable place in the industrial and cultural history of Karnataka and India. For more than a century these mines were a center of intensive gold extraction, pioneering deep-level mining techniques on the subcontinent and shaping the lives of entire communities around the precincts of Kolar. This article describes where
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Analcime is a striking and sometimes enigmatic member of the zeolite family, admired by mineral collectors and studied by petrologists and material scientists alike. Though often overlooked in broad discussions of industrial zeolites, it occupies a fascinating niche at the intersection of igneous petrology, low-temperature hydrothermal alteration, and zeolite mineralogy. In this article, we will
The Zijinshan Gold & Copper Mine occupies an important place among China’s mineral assets. Located in southeastern China, this mining area is best known for its combined production of **gold** and **copper**, with significant regional economic and strategic impact. The deposit has shaped the identity and growth of the company that carries its name and
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Anatase is a fascinating mineral form of titanium dioxide that has captured the interest of scientists, engineers, and artists alike. As one of the three naturally occurring polymorphs of TiO2, it combines a distinctive crystal structure with surface properties that make it especially valuable for modern technologies. This article explores where anatase is found in
The Kolar Gold Fields, located in the southeastern part of the Indian state of Karnataka, have long been a focal point of industrial ambition, colonial extraction and local folklore. From ancient small-scale workings to the large underground shafts of the modern era, this mining complex shaped the region’s urban fabric, workforce and even its identity.
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