Knowledge base

The vivid red gemstone known to many as ruby has fascinated humans for millennia. Valued for its color, durability, and symbolic power, the stone occupies a special place in both the scientific study of minerals and in cultural history. This article explores the stone from multiple angles: its geological origins, physical and optical characteristics, principal […]

Malachite is a visually striking green mineral that has captivated humans for millennia. With swirling bands and vivid hues it serves as both a geological record and a cultural icon. Beyond its decorative appeal, malachite reveals important information about the behavior of copper in the near-surface environment, appears in famous historic interiors, and raises interesting

Obsidian is a fascinating natural material that bridges the worlds of geology, archaeology, craft, and art. Formed when molten rock cools so rapidly that crystals do not have time to grow, this glassy substance has been prized for its utility and beauty for tens of thousands of years. In the paragraphs that follow you will

Jade is one of the most admired and enigmatic minerals in human history, prized equally for its physical resilience and its deep cultural resonance. This article explores the stone’s geology, global distribution, traditional and contemporary uses, the science of identification and treatment, and the social and ethical issues surrounding its extraction and trade. Along the

Quartz is one of the most familiar and versatile minerals on Earth, present in everything from mountain peaks to glass factories and high-precision electronics. This article explores its formation, physical and chemical character, geographic occurrence, practical uses, and several intriguing facets that make quartz both scientifically significant and culturally resonant. Readers will find descriptions of

The violet to purple variety of quartz known as amethyst has captivated cultures and collectors for millennia. Combining pleasing color, durability, and widespread occurrence, it appears in everything from delicate jewelry to enormous museum-grade geode specimens. This article explores the mineralogical nature of amethyst, where it occurs, its practical and cultural uses, and several fascinating